OUR EMPLOYMENT RIGHTS
“Choose a job you love, and you will never have
to work a day in your life!
Confucius
Every individual
who is currently engaged in the work force and those who intend to, have rights
that are protected and upheld by law. Before we get into these rights, it would
do us good to first understand the various classes of workers there are.
TYPES OF WORKERS
1.
Agency Workers:
An agency worker is an individual who is under a
contract with an employment agency to work for another individual or company.
An agency is a service provider that is authorised to act on behalf of others;
in the context of employment, an employment agency is one that engages in
hiring staff on behalf of companies.
Agency workers have had it tough of all other
classes of workers in relation to employment protections; however, The European
Union Directive on Temporary Agency Work 2008/104/EC that came into force in
December 2011 has put agency workers all over the European Committee, in a
better position. It is still noticeable that although agency workers do not
have all the same employment rights as regular workers, they do have the right
to equal treatment in basic working and employment conditions.
2.
Part–Time Workers:
A part-time employee is one whose normal hours
of work are less than the normal hours of a comparable employee.
Part time workers are protected by the
Protection of Employees (Part-Time Work) Act 2001 which provides that:
a)
A
part-time employee cannot be treated in a less favourable manner than a
comparable full-time employee in relation to conditions of employment unless it can be justified on objective
grounds.
b)
All
employee protection legislation applies to part-time employees in the same
manner as it applies to full-time employees. Any qualifying conditions (excluding
the thresholds of hours) applying to full time employees in any of that
legislation also apply to part-time employees.
Part-time employees may be treated less favourably than a comparable
full-time employee in relation to any pension scheme or arrangement when his or
her normal hours of work constitute less than 20 per cent of the normal hours
of work of the comparable full time employee.
An objective ground for treatment of a less favourable manner would be
those based on considerations other than the status of the employee such as
being a part-time worker. This must be for the sole purpose of achieving a
legitimate objective of the employer that such treatment is necessary.
3.
Comparable Workers:
A comparable employee is a full-time employee
with whom a part-time employee may compare him or herself:
a)
Where
comparable and part-time employee are employed by the same or associated
employer, and one of the conditions referred to (i), (ii) or (iii) below is met;
or
b)
Where
(a) does not apply [including when the part-time employee is the sole employee
of the employer], the full –time employee is specified in a collective agreement
to be a comparative employee in relation to the part-time employee; or
c)
Where
neither (a) nor (b) applies, the full-time employee is employed in the same
industry or sector of employment as the part-time employee, and one of the
conditions referred to below is met.
i)
Where
both employees perform the same work under the same or similar conditions, or
each is interchangeable with the other in relation to work;
ii)
Where
the work performed by one of the employees concerned is of the same or similar
to that performed by the other, and any differences between the work performed
or the conditions under which the work is performed by each are either of small
importance in relation to the work as a whole or occur with such irregularity
as not to be significant; and
iii)
The
work performed by the part-time employee is equal or greater in value to the
work performed by the other employee concerned, having regard to such matters
as skill, physical or mental requirements; responsibility and working
conditions.
It is important to note that a part-time agency worker can only
compare him or herself to another comparable agency worker; a part-time
employee who is not an agency worker cannot compare him or herself to an agency
worker.
4.
Fixed-Term Work Employees:
A Fixed-Term employee is a person who enters into a
contract of employment with an employer which contains a specific start and end
date. This is usually based on an objective condition such as arriving at a
specific date, completing a specific task or the occurrence of a specific event,
or the continuity of whose contract is dependent on a particular event such as
the availability of continued funding from an external source. An example would
be Summer Sales Season positions. This class does not include employees in vocational
training or internships.
Fixed-term employees are protected by the Protection
of Employees (Fixed-Term Work) Act 2003. It provides that:
i.
A fixed-term employee cannot be treated in a less favourable
manner than a comparable permanent employee in relation to conditions of
employment.
ii.
All employee protection legislation, other than unfair
dismissal in certain circumstances, applies to fixed-term employees in the same
manner as it applies to permanent employees. Any qualifying conditions applying
to permanent employees in any of that legislation also apply to fixed-term
employees.
iii.
A fixed term-employee may be treated in a less favourable
manner than a comparable permanent employee where such treatment can be
justified on objective grounds.
iv.
A fixed-term employee may be treated less favourably than a
comparable permanent employee in relation to any pension scheme or arrangement
when his or her normal hours of work constitute less than 20 per cent of the
normal hours of the comparable permanent employee.
In this case, objective grounds for treatment in a
less favourable manner would also be based on considerations other than the
status of the employee as a fixed term
employee, and the less favourable treatment is for the purpose of achieving
a legitimate objective of the employer and such treatment is necessary for that
purpose.
It would be useful to note that as pointed out by the
Workplace Relations website, “employees should
not remain on a series of fixed-term contracts indefinitely”.
5.
Permanent Employee:
This is simply an employee that is not in a fixed-term
contract. The term “Permanent Employee” is quite useful to us in understanding
the concept of “Comparable Permanent Employee”.
As provided by the Protection of Employees (Fixed-Term
Work) Act 2003, an employee is a comparable permanent employee in relation to
fixed term-employees if:
a)
The permanent employee and the relevant fixed-term employee
are employed by the same employer or associated employers, and one of the
conditions referred to in (i), (ii) or (iii) below is met,
b)
Where (a) does not apply [including a case where the relevant
fixed-term employee is the sole employee of the employer], the permanent
employee is specified in a collective agreement, being an agreement that for
the time being has effect in relation to the relevant fixed-term employee, to
be a comparable employee in relation to the fixed-term employee, or
c)
Where neither (a) nor (b) apply, the employee is employed in
the same industry or sector of employment as the relevant fixed-term employee,
and one of the conditions referred to below is met.
i)
Both of the employees concerned perform the same work under
the same or similar conditions or each is interchangeable with the other in
relation to the work,
ii)
The work performed by one of the employees concerned is of
the same or a similar nature to that performed by the other and any differences
between the work performed or the conditions under which it is performed by
each, either are of small importance in relation to the work as a whole or occur
with such irregularity as not to be significant, and
iii)
The work performed by the relevant fixed-term employee is
equal or greater in value to the work performed by the other employee
concerned, having regard to such matters as skill, physical or mental requirements;
responsibility and working conditions.
THE BASIC
EMPLOYMENT RIGHTS AND CONDITIONS
Now
that we have an understanding of the various classes of employees there are, we
can now go through the various basic rights of an employee.
“Basic working and employment conditions”
as defined under Section 2.1of The Protection of Employees (Temporary Agency
Work) Act 2012; “means terms and conditions of employment required to be
included in a contract of employment by virtue of any enactment or collective agreement,
or any arrangement that applies generally in respect of employees, or any class
of employees, of a hirer, and that relate to—
1.
Pay:
Pay rates are usually determined by the contract of
employment. Rates may also be incorporated expressly or by implication in an
employee’s contract where there are specific agreements between trade unions
and the employer.
The National Minimum
Wage as of the 1st of July, 2011 is €8.65 per hour. This National
Minimum Wage applies to all employees, including full-time, part-time,
temporary and casual employees, except the following categories or employees
who are excluded from its provisions:
a)
Employees who are close relatives of the
employer, such as a spouse, father, mother, son, daughter, brother or sister;
and
b)
Employees undergoing structured training such
as an apprenticeship (other than hairdressing apprenticeships)
There
are other National Minimum Wage rates that apply to certain employees are
available on the Workplace Relations website:
2.
Working Time:
The Organisation of Working Time Act, 1997 is the main
piece of legislation that regulates the Working Time of employees.
‘Working hours’
is whichever is the greatest is of:
i)
The hours set out in the employment contract, collective
agreement or statement of terms of employment. Or
ii)
Actual hours worked or available for work and pay.
These ‘working
hours’ also include:
i)
Overtime,
ii)
Travel time where the journey is part of the job, and
iii)
Time spent training during normal working hours.
These ‘working
hours’ do not include:
i)
Time spent on standby other than at the workplace, or
ii)
Time spent on leave, lay-off, strike or after payment in lieu
of notice, or
iii)
Time spent travelling to and from work.
3.
Rest Periods:
a)
An employee is entitled to a daily rest period of not less
than 11 consecutive hours per 24 hours period during which he or she works for
his or her employer.
b)
An employee is entitled to a break of at least 15 minutes
after working for a period of more than 4 hours and 30 minutes.
c)
An employee is entitled to a break of at least 30 minutes
after working for a period of more than 6 hours
d)
The Minister of Jobs, Enterprise and Innovation may by
regulations provide, as respects, a specified class or classes of employee that
the minimum duration of the break to be allowed to such an employee shall be
more than 30 minutes (but not more than 1 hour)
e)
A break allowed to an employee at the end of the working day
shall not be regarded as satisfying the ‘rest
during the working day requirement’.
4.
Nightly Working Hours:
Night Time Working Hours refer to the period between midnight and 7 a.m.
on the following day.
Night Work refers to whatever work is carried out during the
night time working hours.
A Night Worker refers to an
employee who works at least 3 hours of his or her daily working time during
night time.
A night worker should not be made to work more than an average of 8
hours over a period time.
5.
Overtime:
There are no legislative protections covering
overtime. Hence, most employees do not have a statutory entitlement to overtime
pay.
Policies in relation to overtime pay may be decided by
the employer and agreed as part of the employee’s term and conditions of
employment, or through collective agreements negotiated between employers and
the employee’s representatives.
6.
Annual Leave:
This right is also protected by the Organisation of
Working Time Act, 1997.
All employees are entitled to annual leave, whether
they are full-time, part-time, temporary or casual workers. Most employees are
entitled to four weeks’ annual leave per year.
The employer determines whether an employee get his annual
leave when it has been applied for, taking into consideration work and personal
requirements and should consult him/her or the relevant union in advance.
7.
Public Holidays:
In Ireland there are nine public holidays each year
which all classes of employees are entitled to;
New Year’s Day (1st January)
St. Patrick’s Day (17th March)
Easter Monday
The first Monday in May
The first Monday in June
The first Monday in August
The last Monday in October
Christmas Day (25th December)
St. Stephen’s Day (26th December)
For further information in respect of these basic
rights, visit <http://www.employmentrights.ie/en/>.
THE EQUALITY RIGHTS
The Employment Equality Acts 1998 to 2011 shield
employees in the public and private sectors as well as applicants for
employment and training. These rights are dealt in detail on the ‘Guide to the Equal Status Acts-2000 – 2008’
that can be found on <http://www.equality.ie/Files/Guide-to-the-Equal-Status-Acts-2000-2008.pdf>.
There should be no discrimination through
harassment or victimisation at the workplace on either of the following
grounds;
Gender – refers to your
being a man, a woman or a transsexual person.
Civil status – refers to
your being single, married, separated, divorced, widowed, or even in a civil
partnership.
Family status – refers to
your being pregnant, a parent of a person under 18 years or the resident
primary carer or parent of a person with a disability.
Sexual orientation – refers
to your being gay, lesbian, bisexual or heterosexual.
Religious belief – refers
to your having a different religious belief, background, outlook or none at
all.
Age – this refers to your
being part of a particular age group.
Disability – this refers to
your having a disability whether it be a physical, intellectual, learning,
cognitive or emotional disability; and also covers your having a range of
medical conditions.
Race, Skin Colour, Nationality,
Ethnic or National Origins – this refers to your being from either of these
classifications.
Membership of the Traveller
Community – this refers to one being who are identified as one with a shared
history, culture and even traditions, that are seen as a nomadic way of life.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the various rights enlisted above
should be upheld at most times except where the employer is allowed by
legislation to encroach on ones rights.
If you are currently employed or are currently seeking
a job, it is advisable to read up on the various employment rights one is
entitled to in more detail on the Workplace Relations website at <http://www.employmentrights.ie/en/> or the Equity
Authority’s website at <http://www.equality.ie/en/>.
If
you have read this article and are now concerned that your rights are being
stepped upon by your employer – do contact FLAC GCD at flac@gcd.ie and book an appointment
and you will be consulted on this matter.
And if you have a complaint to make in relation to
your rights and equality status, or would like to refer a dispute, do follow
the link below for information;
Beulah
Allotey, FLAC GCD.
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